What elements need to exist for an auditor to raise a nonconformity?

For an auditor to raise a nonconformity, it is essential that there are identifiable elements present in the auditing process. The most comprehensive choice is that all of the listed elements—proof, observation, and records—play a crucial role in substantiating the findings that can lead to a nonconformity being raised.

Proof involves having tangible evidence that indicates a deviation from the standard or requirement. This can include specific metrics, performance indicators, or compliance evidence demonstrating that processes do not meet established criteria.

Observation refers to the auditor's firsthand witnessing of processes or practices that do not align with the documented procedures or standards. It allows the auditor to gather qualitative insights into the effectiveness of the quality management system.

Records provide documented evidence of activities, processes, and outcomes related to quality management. They serve as a vital part of any nonconformity finding, enabling auditors to trace back and validate claims of noncompliance.

In essence, for a nonconformity to be raised, an auditor requires a combination of proof, observations, and records to ensure decisions are based on comprehensive and substantiated evidence. Therefore, the idea that only proof is sufficient overlooks the fact that observations and records are equally important components that contribute to a robust and defens